Historical Periods Colonial America, Depression And The...

INTRODUCTION As you will see in this paper, mental illness has been a serious situation for many years. Over the years, there have been different thoughts relating to the causes of mental illness including what the actual situation is and observance of how to treat the mentally ill. This paper will inform you of three different historical periods: Colonial America, Depression the New Deal and War Prosperity in which an important aspect of mental health happened in each. I will include some religious and economic information for each period due to the relationship that religion and economy had to the way mental illness was viewed and treated in those periods. COLONIAL AMERICA 1647 to 1776 was a time of growth in America, during this time colonist emigrated from Europe to America for several reasons, such as the hope to find relief from the war and rebellion occupying Europe, the chance to find bigger farms to make money, and most of all the chance to have religious freedom (â€Å"The Thirteen American Colonies† n.d.). Religious freedom was a very important part of the colonists’ lives and culture. According to â€Å"Religion and the Founding of the American Republic†, between 1700 and 1740, an estimated 75 to 80 percent of the population attended churches, which were being built at a headlong pace. Economically, during this time, many of the colonist’s occupations were farmers living off their land. Also during this time there was the social injustice of slavery, but only theShow MoreRelated The Impact of United States Rule on Puerto Rico Essay2262 Words   |  10 PagesStates first took Puerto Rico from Spain , its plans concerning what to do with the island appeared to be noble. According to Fernandez, The United States would resurrect Puerto Rico, like Lazurus, creating, in Senator Foraker?s words, ?a new era?a new life?and prosperity far exceeding any hopes that have been excited or any anticipations that have been entertained.?(Fernandez 2) In other words, the United States viewed Puerto Rico as something that had to be saved, and claimed that their plan was toRead MoreThe Economy Of The United States Of America3174 Words   |  13 PagesThe economy of the United States of America PRESENTATION Location Bounded on the north by Canada, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Gulf of Mexico and the Republic of Mexico and west by the Pacific Ocean. 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Marketing Plan For Wal Mart - 2192 Words

This marketing plan’s overall message is to communicate to consumers that Wal-Mart is becoming an industry leader in selling organic foods. This plan should show consumers that Wal-Mart is taking a step forward in their corporate social responsibility and still sticking to their main strategy of always providing the lowest prices. The first specific strategy for this marketing campaign is to have 100% of regular Wal-Mart customers to be aware that Wal-Mart has a new and improved organic section. This goal should be achieved within six months of the campaign being launched. This campaign is designed for every consumer to be aware that Wal-Mart is moving towards the growing business of selling organic foods. The consumer should also be given reasons why Wal-Mart is re-launching a brand new organic section. Employees who interact with consumers should always try to let the consumer know of Wal-Mart’s new efforts to invest in foods that are produced through environmentally friendly practices. This should be achievable through the marketing tactics that are used. The second goal that this marketing campaign should achieve is to make all organic foods in US stores 25% cheaper by the beginning of the relaunch than similar organic items in other stores. The New York Times did an article in 2014 about how Wal-Mart was going to expand their organic section and they planned on undercutting competitors’ price offering similar organic food products by 25% or more. The plan at the timeShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan For Wal Mart Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthat is considered to be the second largest retailer in the U.S after Wal-Mart. Target founded in 1902 by George Dayton and the first Target store was opened in Minnesota, USA in 1962. 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One idea that was implemented was to market and sell upscale, trendy clothing and unique merchandise at discounted prices.6 This strategy, known as the â€Å"cheap-chic† strategy, focused on providing good quality clothing from various well known designers and fancyRead MoreMarketing Plan For Wal Mart1849 Words   |  8 PagesSam Walton opened his first Wal-Mart store in Rogers, Arkansas in 1962. Sam Walton wanted to build a foundation for his store. His idea was the lowest prices anytime, anywhere. In 1969 the stores became incorporated and 1970 Sam Walton decided to pursue national growth. The company became a public ly traded company in 1970 with an opening stock price of $16.50 per share. In 1980 Wal-Mart reached one billion dollars in annual sales, faster than any other company at that time (Jan 2015). OverRead MoreEssay about Wal-Mart 5 Year Marketing Plan5236 Words   |  21 PagesFive-Year Strategic Marketing Plan Wal-Mart Inc. 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Commercial Life in Pompeii Free Essays

Commercial Life in Pompeii and Herculaneum Historians have debated the nature of Pompeian economy – whether it was based on agriculture or trade. Some see the Roman empire in modern terms as one vast single market where demand drove up prices and productivity stimulated trade to a never before seen level (residue of pollution can be found in Greenland’s ice-cap and the many ship wrecks indicating the large volume of sea borne traffic). Other historians see Roman economy as ‘primitive’ based primarily on agriculture and the main aim of any community was to feed itself, with trade as the icing on the cake (based on the risky and costly sea travel, lack of banking system, social mores for respectability being against trade and laws forbidding senators and their sons from owning trade ships) (Beard pp. We will write a custom essay sample on Commercial Life in Pompeii or any similar topic only for you Order Now 152-3)[i]. More likely it was a combination of the two scenarios. Pompeii, unlike the quieter fishing/resort town of Herculaneum, can be seen to be a bustling commercial centre, a town where making a profit and accumulating wealth was regarded as being favoured by the gods. This picture is based on evidence such as: * High number of privately owned shops, workshops, bars and inns, about 600 excavated * The markets around the Forum * The epigraphic (written) evidence of the guilds of tradesmen and retailers * The roughly 20 maritime warehouses amp; buildings lined with wine jars * Paintings of cargo boats on the Sarno River and porters carrying products to be loaded onto vessels * Trade signs advertise goods and services * Inscriptions on walls and floors on the benefits of making profit, eg. welcome gain† in the impluvium of the house of a carpenter * Images of Mercury, the God of commerce displayed The economies of Vesuvian towns were based on agricultural production (grain, grapes, olives and sheep) and fishing. The wealthiest families owned large houses in the city and also estates in the country side which were run and worked by freedmen and slaves . There were numerous medium-sized farms and villa rusticae as well as market gardens inside the walls of Pompeii occupying 10% of the town so far) that provided daily needs (wine, oil, cereals, fruit, vegetables, meat and wool). The fishing fleets of Herculaneum were large (based on the volume of fishing nets, hooks etc found) and supplied fresh seafood and the garum industry. These industries would’ve needed subsidiary industries too, such as pottery that was needed for the storage and export of products. From the evidence found in the Pompeii there were 50 occupations other than farming ii]. There is a good argument to be made for the fact that Pompeii would’ve had enough surplus product for export – ancient writers associated the area with wine, as well as onions and cabbage. Also, numerous pottery jars have been found far from Pompeii, such as off the coast of Cannes (in France) stamped with the name Lasius an Oscan name with well-known members of the family from Pompeii; wine jars stamped with the name Eumachus have been found in Carthage, Spain and France. Inside Pompeian houses jars have been found stamped with their origins (perhaps ready for distribution or sale) such as Spain, Crete and Rhodes. Microscopic analysis of containers in Pompeii has shown evidences of spices (such as pepper and cumin) as well as Egyptian glassware and Gallic bowls and pottery lamps (90 and 40 respectively still packed in their crates). Thus Beard reasons that â€Å"however small by comparison with the great trading centres of Puteoli or Rome, Pompeii’s port must’ve been a thriving, international and multilingual little place. † (Beard p. 162) Villa rustica in Boscoreale | Drawing of an olive press, for first pressing| Wine press, from Herculaneum| Wine and oil industries: Wine and oil were the main sources of income for people in the Vesuvian area, though only wealthy landowners could afford the outlay needed to set up and maintain these industries as the oil presses were costly and the long wait between planting and harvest. Large quantities of wine don’t appear to have been stored in bars or even inside the city, but brought in from the villas when needed which were stored large dolia â€Å"completely or partially buried in the ground thus protecting them from the weather† according to Pliny (Natural History 14). At the Villa of Pisanella at Boscoreale there was an nternal courtyard with 120 dolia that could hold up to 50,000 litres of wine which was transported in leather wineskins and decanted into amphorae for storage or serving in the thermopolia. Advertisements show there were a wide variety of types and vintages of wine on sale, Pliny said that Vesuvian wines were â€Å"injurious because of the hangover they cause, which persist s until noon the following day. † The same estates also produced olive oil which was used for a variety of uses including cooking, lighting, washing and the production of perfume. Most of the pressing was done on estates in a two-step process – rubbing the olives to remove the skin and pips and then pressing them in the same press as used for wine to extract the oil. The manufacture of Garum:Pompeii was renowned for its garum, a fish sauce which was one of the main condiments used for flavouring Roman food. There were various types and qualities made from the guts and left overs of fish (such as red mullet, tuna, mackerel, sardines and anchovies) which was salted and left to ferment for a month. There is no evidence of equipment needed for production within the city itself, only dolia for distribution have been found (based on the small bones found at the bottom). The wealthiest families had a monopoly on the manufacture of garum and then sold it to street retailers or prepared it for export. | Garum jar in mosaic from the villa of Aulus Umbricius Scaurus, Pompeii, an ‘advertisement’ on the floor of his atrium. | Cloth manufacture and treatment: Wool was the basis for one of the most important industries in Pompeii – the washing and dyeing of wool and the manufacture of cloth, as well as the laundering, bleaching and re-colouring of clothes. The raw wool was first degreased by boiling in leaden boilers, then once it was carded it was sent to spinners and weavers in private homes or shops and then it was coloured (often in bright colours such as purple and saffron) before distribution to cloth merchants. There have been 18 fullonicae (laundries) found in Pompeii and are identified by the series of interconnected basins or tanks with built in steps for washing and rinsing. Workers trod the cloth in a mixture of potash, carbonate of soda and urine (collected in jugs from the inhabitants of the town! ). Four fulleries were large and the rest have been found as part of private homes. The Fuller’s guild may have been a powerful organisation within the city. Fullery of Stephanus| Brushing the nap| Fullers standing in vats| An advertisement for the Fullonica of Stephani – cloth press| Fresco from the fullonica (fuller’s shop) of Veranius Hypsaeus in Pompeii| Pistrina (Bakeries) There have been more than 30 pistrina found in Pompeii easily identified by their mills and ovens, some bakeries did the whole process from milling the grain whilst others prepared loaves from ready prepared flour. Lava stone mills were turned by donkeys and the flour collected at the bottom. The flour was then kneaded at a table, shaped into circles, scored into wedges and baked in a stone oven. In Herculaneum a baker known as Sextus Patulcus Felix appears have specialised in cakes as 25 bronze pans of various sizes from 10 to 25 cm diameter were found. In the Bakery of the Chaste Lovers there is a two roomed shop, a bakery with large oven (that had a large repaired crack, and smaller newer cracks), four mills (though only one was operational at the time of eruption) and a dining room (a very large triclunium). The remains of seven donkeys in their stables were found which suggests that bread was also delivered. The large number of animals (who were expensive to keep) also indicates that the owners of the bakery had intention of returning it to full operating output (Beard pp. 174-7). Bakery of Modesto, Pompeii, where 81 loaves were found still ‘baking’ in the oven! |   | Tabernae (Shops) Tabernae are usually translated as shops or workshops and they are found along main roads along the street front with wide open fronts that were part of insulae and integrated into the town rather than in ‘commercial zones’ as in modern town planning. Owners would live above the shop, called cenacula, accessed by stairs. An example is Insula Arriana Polliana – the white sections are an elite residence whilst the grey sections are shops (eg. 1-3 ;amp; 2-4), domus (eg. 7, 9 ;amp;10) and upper floor apartments (accessed at 18, 19, 6, 8 ;amp; 10a) available for rent. About 200 public eating and drinking places have been identified in Pompeii identified by their open fronts and the counters with dolia set into them. Though there was no ‘zoning’, there is a cluster of shops at three of the gates into the city (northern entrance of the Her culaneum Gate, to the south the Vesuvius ;amp; Stabian Gates) as well as on a 600m stretch of the Via dell’ Abbondanza. Shop and workshop owners advertised their businesses with painted signs or painting on the outside of walls. Inns and bars did continue service into the night with lamps as lighting but there is also the evidence of the wood shutters put in place for when shops did close. One of the largest tabernae found at Herculaneum opposite the Palestra had two entrances and had eight large jars set into the counter, other amphorae that may have been used for oil or sauce and a stove behind the counter that had terracotta casseroles warming over a charcoal fire. One wine bar or tavern on Via dell’ Abbondanza in Pompeii was owned by a woman named Asellina who employed foreign waitresses named Zmyrina, Maria and Aegle (some believe they are prostitutes) has sums showing customers’ debts written on the insides of the walls of her inn and on the outside there are political slogans which may reveal her interest in politics or an ancient version of a slur campaign against a candidate. The walls of Pompeii’s inns also provide evidence for what activities occurred there, one painting shows customers seated below hanging hams and sausages, a sign reads â€Å"if you’re going to fight, get out! ; while the bill for one customer ambiguously lists the cost of a girl, bed and fodder for his mule (Butterworth ;amp; Laurence p. 280)[iii]. There were also hotels where visitors to Pompeii could rent a room, either close to the port or clustered around the northern and southern Gates. One building named Hotel of the Muses on the ba nks of the Sarno River had a small jetty, 8 triclinia with brilliant frescoes and a large kitchen that is estimated could feed 50 guests. Other Industries: In Pompeii there is evidence of workshops of carpenters, plumbers, wheelwrights, tanners, tinkers, ironmongers, gold/ silver/bronze/coppersmiths, marble-workers, stonemasons, gem-cutters and glassmakers, tanneries, cobblers, painters and weavers. Many of these industries seem to have been conducted from a room in the home (based on finds of tools) or on the streets (based on paintings of street life). Metal working seems to have been big business in Pompeii as there is a profusion of metal implements all over the town. A few small workshops and retail outlets have been found, however only one forge has been uncovered so far, just outside the Vesuvian Gate. Historians also do not know where the raw materials came from. Pottery also must have been a large industry as so many activities required pottery vessels, though only two small potters’ premises (one of which was a specialist lamp maker) have been found within the walls. Perhaps the fire hazards of metal work and firing pottery meant that they had workshops outside the town. One luxury industry was perfume production – a combination of olive oil and flowers or spices. There are large gardens (for example the Garden of the Fugitives and the Garden of Hercules) that some historians believe to be for the growing of flowers for perfume and fragments of small terracotta and glass containers found there. Wall paintings in the House of the Vetti portray olives and flowers being pressed to extract the oil in wooden mills; another scene shows a woman seated with her feet on a cushion as sales assistants dab perfumes on her hand from a selection on display in a tiered cabinet. Butterworth ;amp; Laurence p. 272) Bronze oil lamp of the god Priapus, from Pompeii| Blue glassware from Pompeii| Replica oil lamp, Pompeii| Silver vessels from Pompeii| Word Bank: Forum, industries, main, foreign, noon, only, seafood, expensive, hazards, guests, open, tanks, olives, from, uncovered, street, god, eating, delivered, urine, room, full, traffic, easily, guts, Sarno, expo rt, lamps, high, stone, slogans, plumbers, serving, in, economy, spices, cloth, two, lass, painted, lighting, advertising, slaves, one, packed, lived, bones, display, behind, flowers, boiling, hooks, gates, luxury, loaves, prices, feed, debts, trade, integrated, repaired, combination, estates, counters, sauce, donkeys, within, powerful, vegetables, month, far, large, sausages, farming, dolia, wealth, jars, harvest, purple, jars, business [i] Beard, Pompeii – Life of a Roman town London, Profile Books, 2008 [ii] Bradley Cities of Vesuvius – Pompeii and Herculaneum Cambridge Uni Press, Melbourne, 2006, Chapter 6 [iii] Butterworth ;amp; Laurence Pompeii – The Living City London, Orion Publishing Group, 2006 How to cite Commercial Life in Pompeii, Essays

First Act of The Crucible Essay Example For Students

First Act of The Crucible Essay The first words the Crucible of this play serve as an excellent guide to the forthcoming events of paranoia and hysteria. A crucible is an object, in which materials, often metals, are heated to extreme temperatures where they are then purified. This play shows a community in Salem, Massachusetts in the late 17th century, which ignites, and burns with accusations of witchcraft, retribution, and mass hysteria. In this essay however, I will explore the first act of the play, which forms a strong foundation for the events that are soon to spiral out of control. The first act deals with all the main characters that symbolise the ideas dealt with within the play. I shall discuss each of the characters in turn and the role that they play in The Crucible. In my opinion, it is use of characters that makes a play effective, and it is important that the reader can relate to them. In this play, without the complexity of the characters and their motives, I believe that The Crucible would not have such tensions, and the heights of such intensity would not be reached by the accusations of witchcraft. The setting that Miller chooses for this play is particularly important. Miller establishes at the start of Act One that life in Salem is very rigid and has a close-knit society. This quality of the society in Salem makes it particularly receptive to the mass hysteria of the witch trials that are soon to follow. Salem was governed by religious power, as it describes at the beginning of Act One the people of Salem developed a theocracy material or ideological enemies. They desired to be protected from the outside world, and therefore the community became a very close one in which secrets could not lie hidden for any period of time. Conflicts had been repressed and thanks to the accusations these long held hatreds of neighbours could not be openly expressed, and vengeance taken. In order to understand the circumstances that are witnessed in The Crucible, we must look beyond. In humans quest to know everything in the universe, and explain every event precisely, people become desperate to learn the truth. This forces people to turn to the supernatural, and confront the devil. In Act One, the issues are presented straight away with religion, the work of God, and the supernatural, the work of the Devil, going hand in hand. The first example of this turning to the supernatural is Susanna Walcott saying, You might look to unnatural things for the cause of it. She says this after barely a page of the play, giving the reader a taste of what is to come. I think that the implantation of the issue of religion and the supernatural are reflected in the characters, and that this contributes to the conflict throughout the entire play. In order to understand the strong conflicts that emerge between the characters, it is necessary to learn of their backgrounds and the past. Miller deals with this very well, not only relying upon the dialogue, situation and setting but a number of passages that familiarize the reader to the characters backgrounds. Indeed in the First Act, there are many historical digressions that cannot be conveyed through theatrical devices. There are three characters that represent the supernatural and its uncontrollable qualities, with three characters that oppose the witchcraft accusations. Reverend Hale is probably the most complex character due to his contradictory beliefs, and his ability to change sides. Firstly, I will deal with the characters that instigate the witch trials in Salem. Miller chooses the Reverend Samuel Parris to be the man who symbolises the paranoia that characterise the trials. .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130 , .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130 .postImageUrl , .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130 , .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130:hover , .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130:visited , .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130:active { border:0!important; } .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130:active , .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130 .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9e50065ad5202d7a77c40bf4ea2a0130:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: From Sendak's kitchen: the author and illustrator has cooked up a hearty menu for children EssayMiller establishes Parris as a materialistic man whose main concern is his reputation and status in the community. We can tell this from Parris asking for the deeds to his house unlike any preacher before him. He explains, saying, I want a mark of confidence majority feels the whim. He is a man generally disliked in the community. This is due to his preaching of hellfire and bloody damnation. With the presence of witchcraft looming, Parris now has a concrete manifestation of the evil he fears. The second character that serves as a catalyst to the mass hysteria and paranoia is Thomas Putnam, and to a lesser extent his wife. Thomas Putnam shows that his motivation is in his long-standing grudges against others. The witchcraft trials give Putnam an opportunity to exact revenge against others under the cover of the accusations. We are told in Millers information about Putnam, that a mysterious faction had stopped his wifes brother-in-law from ministry. He feels himself to be intellectually superior in the community, and his vindictive nature has been proved. His wife is quick to assume that the cause of Bettys illness is witchcraft, and is described as a twisted soul, haunted by dreams. The last and the main accuser of witchcraft is Abigail Williams. Miller quickly establishes Abigail as a pretender, or a strikingly beautiful girl, with an endless capacity for dissembling. She demonstrates a great ability for self-preservation: she admits what she must at times, and places the blame for her actions on the most convenient source, in this case Tituba. An excellent example is given within the First Act, when Abigail says, I always hear her laughing in my sleep. I hear her singing her Barbados songs and tempting me with-. Her motivations lie at the bottom of the accusations that grip Salem. It is therefore important that Miller establishes early on in Act One her affair with John Proctor, a character yet to be mentioned. All the accusations grow from her desire to displace Goody Proctor as John Proctors wife. She originally wants to use the witchcraft trials to achieve her aim, but soon finds that the trials serve as an escape valve for others hidden motives. She finds this to her disadvantage at the end of the play after John Proctor himself is accused and is hung.